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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 567 document. The minimum amount of formatting that a LaTeX document can contain is the following: documentclass{name} begin{document} TEXT GOES HERE! end{document} Replace {name} with the name of the class of document you are creating. The text for the file, along with your formatting commands, goes between the begin and end document commands. The best way to get started with LaTeX is to use the LyX editor, which provides a GUI for creating LaTeX documents. It also contains a variety of templates you can use instead of just creating a document from scratch. Figure 21-10 shows an example of the LyX editor. Figure 21-10: Create LaTeX documents graphically with the LyX editor. If you want to edit LaTeX in a regular text editor, you must be familiar with the LaTeX commands. For a complete listing of the LaTeX commands, type info latex and then read the Commands within a LaTeX Document text that appears. Using the LyX LaTeX Editor Start the LyX LaTeX editor with the lyx command. LyX comes with a lot of supporting documentation. Click Help to select a tutorial, user s guide, or other information.
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566 Part IV . Running Applications TeX interprets the LaTeX macros from the LaTeX format file (latex.fmt). By default, the latex.fmt and plain.fmt format files are the only ones that are automatically built when the TeX package is installed. Other macro files that you can use with TeX include: . amstex Mathematical publications, including the American Mathematical Society, use this as their official typesetting system. . eplain Includes macros for indexing and table of contents. . texinfo Macros used by the Free Software Foundation to produce software manuals. Text output from these macros can be used with the info command. You can create a TeX/LaTeX file using any text editor. After the text and macros are created, you can run the tex command (or one of several other related utilities) to format the file. The input file is in the form filename.tex. The output is generally three different files: . filename.dvi Device-independent output file that can be translated for use by several different types of output devices (such as PostScript). . filename.log A log file that contains diagnostic messages. . filename.aux An auxiliary file used by LaTeX. The .dvi file produced can be formatted for a particular device. For example, you can use the dvips command to output the resulting .dvi file to your PostScript printer (dvips filename.dvi). Or you can use the xdvi command to preview the .dvi file in X. Creating and Formatting a LaTeX Document Because LaTeX is the most common way of using TeX, this section describes how to create and format a LaTeX document. A LaTeX macro (often referred to as a command) appears in a document in one of the two following forms: . string{option}[required] A backslash () followed by a command. (Replace string with the name of the command.) Optional arguments are contained in braces ({}), and required arguments are in brackets ([]). . ?{option}[required] A backslash () followed by a single character (not a letter) command. (Replace ? with the command character.) Optional arguments are contained in braces ({}), and required arguments are in brackets ([]). Each command defines some action to be taken. The action can control page layout, the font used, spacing, paragraph layout, or a variety of other actions on the
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 565 The PIC macros (.PS and .PE) let you create simple diagrams and flow charts to use in Groff. PIC is really qualified to create only simple boxes, circles, ellipses, lines, arcs, splines, and some text. The following is some PIC code that could be in a Groff document: .PS box invis Start Here ; arrow box Step 1 ; arrow circle Step 2 ; arrow ellipse Step 3 ; arrow box Step 4 ; arrow box invis End .PE The first line after the .PS indicates an invisible box (invis) that contains the words Start Here, followed by an arrow. That arrow connects to the next box, containing the words Step 1. The next elements (connected by arrows) are a circle (Step 2), an ellipse (Step 3), another box (Step 4), and another invisible box (End). The .PE indicates the end of the pic drawing. If these lines appear in a document called memopic.mm, you can preprocess the PIC code and print the file using the following command: $ groff -Tps -l -mm -p memopic.mm Figure 21-9 shows an example of this drawing. Figure 21-9: Create simple flow diagrams with the pic command s .PS and .PE macros. Text Processing with TeX/LaTeX TeX (pronounced tech) is a collection of commands used primarily to produce scientific and mathematical typeset documents. The most common way to use TeX is by calling a macro package. The most popular macro package for TeX is LaTeX, which takes a higher-level approach to formatting TeX documents. TeX and LaTeX tools are contained in the tetex-latex package. Start Here Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 End
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564 Part IV . Running Applications To create a table in a Groff document, use the .TS and .TE macros of the tbl preprocessor. The following is an example of the markup used to produce a simple table: .TS center, box, tab(:); c s s c | c | c l | l | l. Mergers and Acquisitions Team = Employee:Title:Location =_ Jones, James:Marketing Manager:New York Office Smith, Charles:Sales Manager:Los Angeles Office Taylor, Sarah:R&D Manager:New York Office Walters, Mark:Information Systems Manager:Salt Lake City Office Zur, Mike:Distribution Manager:Portland Office .TE The .TS macro starts the table, and the next line indicates that the table should be centered on the page (center) and surrounded by a line box and that a colon will be used to separate the data into cells (tab(:)). The third line shows that the heading should be centered in the box (c) and should span across the next two cells (s s). The fourth line says that the heading of each cell should be centered (c | c | c) and the fifth line indicates that the data cells that follow should be left justified (l | l | l). There must be a period at the end of the table definition line. In this example, it is after the l | l | l. line. If the period is not there, tbl tries to interpret the text as part of the table definition, fails, and stops processing the table; the table does not print. The rest of the information in the table is the data. Note that the tab separators are colon characters (:). End the table with a .TE macro. If the table were in a memo called memotbl.mm, tbl could preprocess the memo and then send it to the printer using the following command: $ groff -Tps -l -mm -t memotbl.mm Data between .TS and .TE macros are interpreted as tables. Figure 21-8 displays the output from this example. Figure 21-8: Set how text is justified and put in columns with the use of the tbl command s .TS and .TE macros. Jones, James Smith, Charles Taylor, Sarah Walters, Mark Zur, Mike Employee Marketing Manager Sales Manager R&D Manager Information Systems Manager Distribution Manager Title Jones, James Smith, Charles Taylor, Sarah Walters, Mark Zur, Mike Location Caution
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 563 Adding Equations, Tables, and Pictures To interpret special macros for equations, tables, and line drawings, you must run separate commands (eqn, tbl, and pic commands) on the source file before you run the groff command. Alternatively, you can add options to the groff command line to have the file preprocessed automatically by any of the commands (-e for eqn, -t for tbl, and -p for pic). Here are some examples of EQN, TBL, and PIC markup included in a Groff document. The first example shows an equation that can be processed by eqn: .EQ a ~ mark = ~ 30 .EN .sp .EQ a sup 2 ~ + ~ b sup 2~lineup = ~ 1000 .EN .sp .EQ x sup 3 ~ + ~ y sup 3 ~ + ~ z sup 3~lineup = ~ 1400 .EN If this appeared in a memo called memoeqn.mm, the memo would be preprocessed by eqn and then sent to the printer using the following command: $ groff -Tps -l -mm -e memoeqn.mm All data between the .EQ and .EN macros are interpreted as equations. The resulting output from the equation would appear as shown in Figure 21-7. Figure 21-7: Produce equations in documents with the use of the eqn command s .EQ and .EN macros.
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562 Part IV . Running Applications .FC .SG .AV John W. Doe, XYZ Corporation President .AV Sylvia Q. Public, XYZ Corporation CFO .NS Everyone in the corporation. .NE Figure 21-6 shows the output of this memo. Figure 21-6: Add headings and approval lines automatically to memos. For a complete listing of mm macros, see the groff_mm man page. More than 100 mm macros exist. Also, dozens of defined strings let you set and recall information such as figure names, tables, table of contents information, and text automatically printed with different headings. Note
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 561 Figure 21-5: Create a simple letter using mm macros. The mm macros were often used to produce technical memos. The following is an example of a sign-off sheet that might go at the front of a larger technical memo: .TL Merger Technical Specifications .AF ABC Corporation .AU Christopher Craft .AT President .AS This memo details the specifications for the planned merger. .AE .MT Merger Description and Marching Orders As a result of our talks with XYZ corporation, we plan to go forward with the merger. This document contains the following: .BL .LI Schedule and time tables. .LI Financial statements. .LI Asset allocations. .LE .SP Please add any corrections you have, then sign the approval line indicated at the bottom of this sheet.
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560 Part IV . Running Applications Creating a Letter, Memo, or White Paper with Groff Memorandum macros (which are used with the -mm option of groff) were once popular among UNIX users for producing technical documents, letters, and memos. Although more modern word processors with a variety of WYSIWYG templates have made the mm macros outdated, in a pinch they are still a quick way to create a typeset-style document in a text environment. To format and print (to a PostScript printer) a document with mm macros, use the following: $ groff -mm -Tps -l letter.mm Here s a simple example of how to use mm macros to produce a letter: .WA Christopher T. Craft 999 Anyway Way Anytown, UT 84111 USA .WE .IA John W. Doe 111 Notown Blvd. Notown, UT 84111 .IE .LO RN Our telephone conversation .LO SA Dear Mr. Doe: .LT In reference to our telephone conversation on the 4th, I am calling to confirm our upcoming appointment on the 18th. I look forward to discussing the merger. I believe we have a win-win situation here. .FC Yours Truly, .SG Use the following command to format the document and save the output to a file named letter.ps: $ groff -mm -Tps -l letter.mm > letter.ps The output will look like Figure 21-5. If you get output from the groff command that says letter.mm:15: warning `let*wa-title!1 not defined, you can safely disregard it. Alternatively, add a set of empty double quotes to the end of the first line. That is, change the first line of letter.mm to read .WA Christopher T. Craft Tip
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 559 Table 21-1 lists the macros that you can use on your man pages. These macros are described on the man(7) manual page (type man 7 man to view that page). Table 21-1 Man Macros Macro Description .B Bold. .BI Bold, then italics (alternating). .BR Bold, then Roman (alternating). .DT Set default tabs. .HP Begin a hanging indent. .I Italics. .IB Italics, then bold (alternating). .IP Begin hanging tag. For options. Long tags use .TP. .IR Italics, then Roman (alternating). .LP Begin paragraph. .PD Set distance between paragraphs. .PP Begin paragraph. .RB Roman, then bold (alternating). .RE End relative indent (after .RS). .RI Roman, then italics (alternating). .RS Begin relative indent (use .RE to end indent). .SB Small text, then bold (alternating). .SM Small text. Used to show words in all caps. .SH Section head. .SS Subheading within a .SH heading. .TH Title heading. Used once at the beginning of the man page. .TP Begin a hanging tag. Begins text on next line, not same line as tag.
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558 Part IV . Running Applications Most man pages are stored in subdirectories of /usr/share/man. Before you create a man page, refer to similar man pages to see the markup and the headings they include. man1 has commands; man2 has system calls; man3 has library functions; man4 has special device files (/dev/*); man5 has file formats; man6 has games; man7 has miscellaneous components; and man8 has administrative commands. A few other kinds of macros are used in the man page. The .IP macros format indented paragraphs for things such as options. The man page also contains some lower-level font requests; for example, fB says to change the current font to bold, fI changes the font to italic, and fR changes it back to regular font. (This markup is better than asking for a particular font type because it just changes to bold, italic, or regular for the current font.) Figure 21-4 shows what the waycool man page looks like after it is formatted with groff: $ groff -man -Tps -l waycool.1 Figure 21-4: Man page formatting adds headers and lays out the page of text. Tip
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